Which factor is NOT directly associated with the supply of housing?

Weather patterns are not directly associated with the supply of housing in the same way that the other factors are. While weather can influence the construction process—such as delays due to snow or extreme temperatures—these effects are generally transient and do not fundamentally alter the long-term supply dynamics of the housing market.

In contrast, demographic shifts, such as changes in population size or composition, greatly affect demand for housing and can drive supply adjustments as developers respond to these shifts. Government intervention, through policies such as zoning laws or housing subsidies, directly influences housing supply by regulating how land can be used and how accessible homes are to different income levels. Household income levels also play a significant role, as higher income typically increases demand for housing, prompting adjustments in the supply to meet that demand. Each of these factors leads to structural changes in the housing market, making weather patterns the outlier in this context.